|}A Arab Republic of Egypt, normally referred to as Egypt, (within Arabic: مصر, romanized Misr, or Masr inside Egyptian dialect), kemet in Ancient Egyptian, is a republic predominantly in northward-eastern Africa, together with a Sinai within sou'west Asia.

Covering an region of astir 1,020,000 klick², Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the northeast & has coasts on the northerly and east per Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, respectively.

Egypt is a 2nd virtually all thickly settled united states within Africa, & the huge majority of its 77 million people (2005) endures to a lesser degree a kilometre out of the banks of the River Nile (about 40,000 klick²), in which a simply cultivable farming land is observed. Big areas of land come a portion of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. A majority of Egyptians now come urban, sleep in the swell Arab people centers of greater Cairo, the big city around Africa, & Alexandria.

Egypt is celebrated for its ancient civilization and some of the globe's virtually all stunning ancient monuments, including a Giza Pyramids, the Karnak Temple and a Valley of the Kings; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly prominent total of ancient artefact. In todays world, Egypt is widely think of a independent political & ethnical centre of the Arab & Middle Eastern regions.

Origin and history of the name
Misr, a Arabic and official name for modern Egypt, is of Semitic origin directly cognate with a Hebrew מִצְרַיִ×? Misráyim meaning "the two straits", & even means "a country" or even "a state." A ancient title for the united states, kemet, or even "black land," is from either either a fertile black soils deposited per Nile floods, distinct from a 'red land' (deshret) of the desert. This title became keme around the late stage of Coptic. A English title "Egypt" come via a Latin word Aegyptus from either a ancient Greek word Αίγυπτος Aiguptos (understand as well List of traditional Greek place names), which in turn is from either a ancient Egyptian phrase ḥwt-k3-ptḥ ("Hwt ka Ptah") meaning "home of the Ka (part of the soul) of Ptah," the title of the temple of the god Ptah at Memphis. For details understand a article Copt.

History
Independent article: History of Egypt

A regularity & richness of the annual Nile Flow of any stream flood, coupled using semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, leave the development of one of the world's low civilizations. The unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Menes, and the series of dynasties rule out Egypt for the next trine millennia. (Judaism celebrates a holiday, Passover, which is based on, based on data from Jewish tradition, a liberation of ancient Hebrews from servitude under one of those kings, potentially though no definite archaeologic grounds to believe for such an event.) A survive native dynasty, called a Thirtieth Dynasty, cruel to the Persians in 341 BC who dug a predecessor of the Suez canal & attached the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Afterwards, Egypt fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Persians again.

It was a Muslim Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the seventh century changing Egypt into a linguistically "Arab" united states. Muslim rulers nominated per Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next sestet centuries. a local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern even fallowing a conquest of Egypt per Ottoman Turks in 1517.

Resulting a completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important globe transport hub; all a same, the united states likewise fell heavy into debt. On the face of it to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.

Part independent from either a UK around 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty as a consequence World War II. Between 1924-1936 there existed the short-transitory attempt to model Egypt's constitutional government fallowing a European style of government; called Egypt's Liberal Experiment. Inside 1952 a popularly-supported military ''coup d'état forced King Farouk I, a constitutional monarch, to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II . Eventually a Egyptian Republic was declared in 18 June 1953 with General Mohamed Naguib as the number 1 President of the Republic. Fallowing Naguib resigned inside 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real designer of the 1952 Revolution, assumed power as President and nationalized a Suez Canal leading to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Between 1958 and 1961 Egypt and Syria formed a union called the United Arab Republic.

Politics
Independent article: Politics of Egypt''

Egypt has been the republic since 18 June 1953. President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of the Republic since October 14 1981, following a assassination of previous President Anwar Sadat on October 6 1981. Mubarak is presently serving his 4th term within professional. He is the leader of the regnant National Democratic Party. Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif wwhen sworn in as Prime Minister in 9 July 2004, following a resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office.

A lasting headquarters for the League of Arab States is located in Cairo. Egypt was a number 1 Arab state to establish peace by owning a State of Israel when a sign language of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty after the Camp David Accords. Egypt besides has the major influence on the other Arab states. Historically, Egypt has played the role of a go-between within resolving disputes of various Arab nations. Virtually all Arab nations however utilise Egypt therein role.

Egypt purportedly operates under the multi-party semi-presidential system where a executive power is divided between a President & the Prime Minister. Egypt holds regular lone-candidate presidential & multi-person parliamentary elections. A survive presidential election was held around September 2005, in which Mubarak won over again. All a same, fallowing the September elections there has been expressed concern from either international human rights observers concerning freedom of speech, government interference in local elections & vote-rigging.

Within late February 2005, Mubarak announced on a surprise television broadcast that he has ordered the reform of the united states's presidential election law, paving a way for multi-candidate polls in the coming election. First around Egypt's history, the population have had the risk to elect their leader within a closely watched election. A President said his initiative come "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." Still, a newly law wharehouses draconian restrictions on a filing of presidential political campaign designed to pave the road for Mubarak's easily re-election. Following virtually all Egyptians come sceptical just about a run of democratization & a role of elections.

Governorates
Map of Egypt

Independent article: Governorates of Egypt

Egypt is divided into Twenty-six governorates (Muhafazat; singular – Muhafazah):

Aswan Asyut al-Bahr al-Ahmar (Red Sea) Bani Suwayf al-Buhayrah Bur Sa'id (Port Said) ad-Daqahliyah Dumyat (Damietta) al-Fayyum

al-Gharbiyah al-Iskandariyah (Alexandria) al-Isma'iliyah Janub Sina' (South Sinai) al-Jizah (Giza) Kafr ash Shaykh Matruh al-Minufiyah al-Minya

al-Qahirah (Cairo) al-Qalyubiyah Qina Shamal Sina' (North Sinai) ash-Sharqiyah Suhaj as-Suways (Suez) al-Wadi al-Jadid (New Valley)

Foreign relations

Geographics, people, history, posture, & diplomatic expertness give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East. Cairo has been a intersection of Arab commerce & culture for millennia, & its intellect & Islamic institutions come at the center of the vicinity's mixer & ethnic development.

A League of Arab States headquarters is in Cairo. A Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Previous Egyptian Secretary of state Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League.

Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served when Secretary General of the United Nations from either 1991 to 1996.

Egypt get on practiced terms sustaining everthing of its neighbours, & was a number one Arab united states to produce peace sustaining Israel. It has a territorial dispute using Sudan all over the Hala'ib Triangle.

Economy
Independent article: Economy of Egypt

Egypt's economy depends within a main in agriculture, media, fossil oil exportation, & touristry; there are too other than Five million Egyptians working overseas, principally in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf locality rather UAE, and Europe. A United States as well has a big people of Egyptian immigrants.

A completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the consequent Lake Nasser have altered the instance-honored place of the Nile Flow of any stream in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. a apace growing people (the largest in the Arab globe), limited tillable l&, & dependence on the Nile altogether prove my point to overtax resources and stress society.

a food & drug administration has struggled to quick the economy for the fresh millennium across economic reform & massive investment inside communications and physical infrastructure, tremendously financed from either U.S. foreign aid (since 1979, an average of Deuce.Two billion dollars by the season). Egypt is a third big recipient of such funds from either a United States below the Iraq war. Economic conditions come starting to improve well when the period of stagnation due to the adoption of extrthe liberal economic policies per government, too when increased revenues from either touristry & a booming stock exchange.

Demographics
Independent article: Demographics of Egypt

Egypt is the virtually all thickly settled Arab country, at about 77,500,000 humans. 100% a people is concentrated along a River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, & along a Nile Delta and touching a Suez Canal. Around 90% of the people adheres to Islam and most of the remainder to Christianity (primarily the Coptic denomination).

the Egyptians come a fairly homogenous population. Mediterranean & Arab influences appear to a north, and there exists a select few mixing to the south by using the Nubians of northern Sudan. Numbers of theories keep close at h& been proposed on the origins of a Egyptians; but, none come conclusive, and the virtually all widely accepted theory is that Egyptian society was the effect of a mix of East African and Asiatic people world health organization moved to a Nile Valley when the Ice Age. a bulk of Modern Egyptian society however maintains a homogeneous transmitted tie to the ancient Egyptian society which has universally been look on rural & virtually all thickly settled in comparison the neighboring demographics. A Egyptian humans develop spoken simply languages from either a Afro-Asiatic personal (antecedently called Hamito-Semitic) throughout their history starting using Old Egyptian, to modern Arabic.

Ethnic minorities include the little total of Bedouin Arab nomads in the Sinai & eastern and american deserts, likewise when occasionally Nubians clustered along the Nile around Upper (southern) Egypt world health organization come forecasted for astir Zero.8% of the people.

Geography
Independent articles: Geography of Egypt

Towns & cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig,Al-Minya.

Deserts: Egypt includes area of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert

Oases include: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis.

Egypt borders in Libya on the west, on Sudan in the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls a Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Egypt's crucial role inside geopolitics stems from either its strategical position: as a l& bridge between Africa & Asia, & as a passage between a Mediterranean Sea and a Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.

Culture
Independent article: Culture of Egypt

Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's big city & has been illustrious for centuries as a center of learning, culture & commerce.

Egypt as well hosts deuce major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest Islamic institution for higher studies (founded around 970 CE) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. A head of Al-Azhar is traditionally think of a supreme leader of Sunni Muslims 100% across the world. Egypt too hwhen the hard Christian heritage as evidenced per being of the Coptic Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which has a as a result of about 50 million Christians worldwide (one of a famed Coptic Orthodox Churches is Saint Takla Haimanot Church around Alexandria http://www.St-Takla.org).

Though considered the great-income united states, Egypt has the thriving media & arts industry, using extra than Xxx satellite trend lines & extra than C motion pictures produced from each one season. To bolster its media industry, especially by having a lament competition from either a Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it hwhen built a big media city that it has promoted as a "Hollywood of the East". Egypt is the single Arab united states using an opera house.

A select few renowned Egyptians include:

Gamal Abdel Nasser (former president) Boutros Boutros-Ghali (former Secretary General of the United Nations) Naguib Mahfouz (Nobel Prize-winning novelist) Umm Kulthum (singer) Omar Sharif (actor) Ahmed Zewail (Nobel Prize-winning chemist) Mohamed ElBaradei (Head of the International Atomic Energy Agency & Winner of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize) Anwar Sadat (former president & winner of the Nobel Peace Prize)